/etc/postfix/main.cf.
mail.falcot.com. Это единственный вопрос, задаваемый по-умолчанию, однако та конфигурация, которая с его помощью создаётся, не является достаточно полной для нужд Falcot, поэтому администраторы запускают команду dpkg-reconfigure postfix для того, чтобы настроить больше параметров.
localhost, но основной домен falcot.com нужно добавить вручную. В общем, это все доменные имена, для который машина является MX сервером, другими словами — все доменные имена, для которых в DNS указано, что эта машина принимает электронную почту. Эта информация завершается переменной mydestination в основном конфигурационном файле Postfix /etc/postfix/main.cf.
192.168.0.0/16 для ответа по умолчанию. Если вопрос не задан, подходящая переменная в конфигурационном файле — mynetworks. Смотрите пример внизу.
procmail. This tool allows users to sort their incoming email according to rules stored in their ~/.procmailrc file. Both Postfix and Exim4 suggest procmail by default, but there are alternatives like maildrop or Sieve filters.
Пример 11.1. Initial /etc/postfix/main.cf file
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Debian/GNU)
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on
# fresh installs.
compatibility_level = 2
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certs
smtp_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_unauth_destination
myhostname = mail.falcot.com
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
mydestination = mail.falcot.com, falcot.com, localhost.localdomain, localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 192.168.0.0/16
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
default_transport = smtp
relay_transport = smtp
inet_protocols = all
myorigin = /etc/mailname
virtual_alias_domains variable, and referencing an address mapping file in the virtual_alias_maps variable.
virtual_alias_domains = falcotsbrand.com virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
/etc/postfix/virtual file describes a mapping with a rather straightforward syntax: each line contains two fields separated by whitespace; the first field is the alias name, the second field is a list of email addresses where it redirects. The special @domain.com syntax covers all remaining aliases in a domain.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] # The alias below is generic and covers all addresses within # the falcotsbrand.com domain not otherwise covered by this file. # These addresses forward email to the same user name in the # falcot.com domain. @falcotsbrand.com @falcot.com
/etc/postfix/virtual the postfix table /etc/postfix/virtual.db needs to be updated using sudo postmap /etc/postfix/virtual.
virtual_mailbox_domains variable, and referencing a mailbox mapping file in virtual_mailbox_maps. The virtual_mailbox_base parameter contains the directory under which the mailboxes will be stored.
virtual_mailbox_domains = falcot.org virtual_mailbox_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/vmailbox virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vhosts
virtual_uid_maps parameter (respectively virtual_gid_maps) references the file containing the mapping between the email address and the system user (respectively group) that “owns” the corresponding mailbox. To get all mailboxes owned by the same owner/group, the static:5000 syntax assigns a fixed UID/GID (of value 5000 here).
/etc/postfix/vmailbox file is quite straightforward: two fields separated with whitespace. The first field is an email address within one of the virtual domains, and the second field is the location of the associated mailbox (relative to the directory specified in virtual_mailbox_base). If the mailbox name ends with a slash (/), the emails will be stored in the maildir format; otherwise, the traditional mbox format will be used. The maildir format uses a whole directory to store a mailbox, each individual message being stored in a separate file. In the mbox format, on the other hand, the whole mailbox is stored in one file, and each line starting with “From ” (From followed by a space) signals the start of a new message.
# Jean's email is stored as maildir, with # one file per email in a dedicated directory [email protected] falcot.org/jean/ # Sophie's email is stored in a traditional "mbox" file, # with all mails concatenated into one single file [email protected] falcot.org/sophie
soft_bounce = yes directive. By prepending a reject-type directive with warn_if_reject only a log message will be recorded instead of rejecting the request.
smtpd_client_restrictions directive controls which machines are allowed to communicate with the email server.
Пример 11.2. Restrictions Based on Client Address
smtpd_client_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
warn_if_reject reject_unknown_client_hostname,
check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_clientip,
reject_rhsbl_reverse_client dbl.spamhaus.org,
reject_rhsbl_reverse_client rhsbl.sorbs.net,
reject_rbl_client zen.spamhaus.org,
reject_rbl_client dnsbl.sorbs.net
permit_mynetworks directive, used as the first rule, accepts all emails coming from a machine in the local network (as defined by the mynetworks configuration variable).
warn_if_reject modifier to the reject_unknown_client directive: this modifier turns the rejection into a simple warning recorded in the logs. The administrators can then keep an eye on the number of messages that would be rejected if the rule were actually enforced, and make an informed decision later if they wish to enable such enforcement.
check_client_access directive allows the administrator to set up a blacklist and a whitelist of email servers, stored in the /etc/postfix/access_clientip file. Servers in the whitelist are considered as trusted, and the emails coming from there therefore do not go through the following filtering rules.
HELO (or EHLO) command, followed by the name of the sending email server. Checking the validity of this name can be interesting. To fully enforce the restrictions listed in smtpd_helo_restrictions the smtpd_helo_required option needs to be enabled. Otherwise clients could skip the restrictions by not sending any HELO/EHLO command.
Пример 11.3. Restrictions on the name announced in EHLO
smtpd_helo_required = yes
smtpd_helo_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
reject_invalid_helo_hostname,
reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname,
warn_if_reject reject_unknown_helo_hostname,
check_helo_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_helo,
reject_rhsbl_helo multi.surbl.org
permit_mynetworks directive allows all machines on the local network to introduce themselves freely. This is important, because some email programs do not respect this part of the SMTP protocol adequately enough, and they can introduce themselves with nonsensical names.
reject_invalid_helo_hostname rule rejects emails when the EHLO announce lists a syntactically incorrect hostname. The reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname rule rejects messages when the announced hostname is not a fully-qualified domain name (including a domain name as well as a host name). The reject_unknown_helo_hostname rule rejects messages if the announced name does not exist in the DNS. Since this last rule unfortunately leads to a lot of rejections, the administrators turned its effect to a simple warning with the warn_if_reject modifier as a first step; they may decide to remove this modifier at a later stage, after auditing the results of this rule.
reject_rhsbl_helo allows to specify a black list to check the hostname against an RHSBL.
permit_mynetworks as the first rule has an interesting side effect: the following rules only apply to hosts outside the local network. This allows blacklisting all hosts that announce themselves as part of the falcot.com network, for instance by adding a falcot.com REJECT You are not in our network! line to the /etc/postfix/access_helo file.
MAIL FROM command of the SMTP protocol; again, this information can be validated in several different ways.
Пример 11.4. Sender checks
smtpd_sender_restrictions =
check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_sender,
reject_unknown_sender_domain,
reject_unlisted_sender,
reject_non_fqdn_sender,
reject_rhsbl_sender rhsbl.sorbs.net
/etc/postfix/access_sender table maps some special treatment to some senders. This usually means listing some senders into a white list or a black list.
reject_unknown_sender_domain rule requires a valid sender domain, since it is needed for a valid address. The reject_unlisted_sender rule rejects local senders if the address does not exist; this prevents emails being sent from an invalid address in the falcot.com domain, and messages emanating from [email protected] are only accepted if such an address really exists.
reject_non_fqdn_sender rule rejects emails purporting to come from addresses without a fully-qualified domain name. In practice, this means rejecting emails coming from user@machine: the address must be announced as either [email protected] or [email protected].
reject_rhsbl_sender rule reject senders based on a (domain-based) RHSBL service.
RCPT TO command in the SMTP protocol. These addresses also warrant validation, even if that may be less relevant than the checks made on the sender address.
Пример 11.5. Recipient checks
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
reject_unauth_destination,
reject_unlisted_recipient,
reject_non_fqdn_recipient,
permit
reject_unauth_destination is the basic rule that requires outside messages to be addressed to us; messages sent to an address not served by this server are rejected. Without this rule, a server becomes an open relay that allows spammers to send unsolicited emails; this rule is therefore mandatory, and it will be best included near the beginning of the list, so that no other rules may authorize the message before its destination has been checked.
reject_unlisted_recipient rule rejects messages sent to non-existing local users, which makes sense. Finally, the reject_non_fqdn_recipient rule rejects non-fully-qualified addresses; this makes it impossible to send an email to jean or jean@machine, and requires using the full address instead, such as [email protected] or [email protected].
permit directive at the end is not necessary. But it can be useful at the end of a restriction list to make the default policy explicit.
DATA command of SMTP is emitted before the contents of the message. It doesn't provide any information per se, apart from announcing what comes next. It can still be subjected to checks.
reject_unauth_pipelining directives causes the message to be rejected if the sending party sends a command before the reply to the previous command has been sent. This guards against a common optimization used by spammer robots, since they usually don't care a fig about replies and only focus on sending as many emails as possible in as short a time as possible.
RCPT TO command by default.
EHLO command, Postfix knows the sender and the recipient when announcing the rejection. It can then log a more explicit message than it could if the transaction had been interrupted from the start. In addition, a number of SMTP clients do not expect failures on the early SMTP commands, and these clients will be less disturbed by this late rejection.
smtpd_delay_reject rule.
Пример 11.7. Enabling content-based filters
header_checks = regexp:/etc/postfix/header_checks body_checks = regexp:/etc/postfix/body_checks
Пример 11.8. Example /etc/postfix/header_checks file
/^X-Mailer: GOTO Sarbacane/ REJECT I fight spam (GOTO Sarbacane) /^Subject: *Your email contains VIRUSES/ DISCARD virus notification
GOTO Sarbacane (a bulk email software) is found, the message is rejected. The second expression controls the message subject; if it mentions a virus notification, we can decide not to reject the message but to discard it immediately instead.
check_policy_service parameter as an extra restriction:
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
[...]
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
postgrey daemon and send it information concerning the relevant message. On its side, Postgrey considers the IP address/sender/recipient triplet and checks in its database whether that same triplet has been seen recently. If so, Postgrey replies that the message should be accepted; if not, the reply indicates that the message should be temporarily rejected, and the triplet gets recorded in the database.
smtpd_restriction_classes parameter, and defined the same way as smtpd_recipient_restrictions. The check_recipient_access directive then defines a table mapping a given recipient to the appropriate set of restrictions.
Пример 11.9. Defining restriction classes in main.cf
smtpd_restriction_classes = greylisting, aggressive, permissive
greylisting = check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
aggressive =
reject_rbl_client sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org,
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
permissive = permit
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
reject_unauth_destination,
check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/recipient_access
Пример 11.10. The /etc/postfix/recipient_access file
# Unfiltered addresses [email protected] permissive [email protected] permissive [email protected] permissive # Aggressive filtering for some privileged users [email protected] aggressive # Special rule for the mailing-list manager [email protected] reject_unverified_sender # Greylisting by default falcot.com greylisting
clamav from the homonymous package.
clamav-milter. A milter (short for mail filter) is a filtering program specially designed to interface with email servers. A milter uses a standard application programming interface (API) that provides much better performance than filters external to the email servers. Milters were initially introduced by Sendmail, but Postfix soon followed suit.
dpkg-reconfigure clamav-milter. When prompted for the “Communication interface with Sendmail”, answer “inet:[email protected]”.
dpkg-reconfigure clamav-base.
/etc/postfix/main.cf:
# Virus check with clamav-milter smtpd_milters = inet:[127.0.0.1]:10002
systemctl reload postfix should be run so that this change is taken into account.
include directive it must have one.
Name: example.org Type: TXT TTL: 3600 Data: v=spf1 a mx -all
falcot.org entry.
#host -t TXT falcot.orgfalcot.org descriptive text "v=spf1 ip4:199.127.61.96 +a +mx +ip4:206.221.184.234 +ip4:209.222.96.251 ~all"
postfix mail server can check the SPF record for incoming emails using the postfix-policyd-spf-python package, a policy agent written in Python. The file /usr/share/doc/postfix-policyd-spf-python/README.Debian describes the necessary steps to integrate the agent into postfix, so we won't repeat it here.
/etc/postfix-policyd-spf-python/policyd-spf.conf, which is fully documented in policyd-spf.conf(5) and /usr/share/doc/postfix-policyd-spf-python/policyd-spf.conf.commented.gz. The main configuration parameters are HELO_reject and Mail_From_reject, which configure if emails should be rejected (Fail) or accepted with a header being appended (False), if checks fail. The latter is often useful, when the message is further processed by a spam filter.
Header_Type must be set to AR.
postfix, adds a digital signature associated with the domain name to the header of outgoing emails. The receiving party can validate the message body and header fields by checking the signature against a public key, which is retrieved from the senders DNS records.
opendkim-genkey -s SELECTOR -d DOMAIN. SELECTOR must be a unique name for the key. It can be as simple as "mail" or the date of creation, if you plan to rotate keys.
Пример 11.11. Create a private key for signing E-Mails from falcot.com
#opendkim-genkey -s mail -d falcot.com -D /etc/dkimkeys#chown opendkim.opendkim /etc/dkimkeys/mail.*
/etc/dkimkeys/mail.private and /etc/dkimkeys/mail.txt and set the appropriate ownership. The first file contains the private key, and the latter the public key that needs to be added to the DNS:
Name: mail._domainkey Type: TXT TTL: 3600 Data: "v=DKIM1; h=sha256; k=rsa; s=email; p=[...]"
-b 1024 to chose a smaller keysize. If opendkim-testkey succeeds, the entry has been successfully set up. The syntax of the entry is explained here:
SOCKET and RUNDIR must be chosen in /etc/default/opendkim. Please note that SOCKET must be accessible from postfix in its chrooted environment. The further configuration is done in /etc/opendkim.conf. The following is a configuration excerpt, which makes sure that the Domain "falcot.com" and all subdomains (SubDomain) are signed by the Selector "mail" and the single private key (KeyFile) /etc/dkimkeys/mail.private. The "relaxed" Canonicalization for both the header and the body tolerates mild modification (by a mailing list software, for example). The filter runs both in signing ("s") and verification ("v") Mode. If a signature fails to validate (On-BadSignature), the mail should be quarantined ("q").
[...] Domain falcot.com KeyFile /etc/dkimkeys/mail.private Selector mail [...] Canonicalization relaxed/relaxed Mode sv On-BadSignature q SubDomains yes [...] Socket inet:12345@localhost [...] UserID opendkim
KeyTable), domains (SigningTable) and to specify internal or trusted hosts (InternalHosts, ExternalIgnoreList), which may send mail through the server as one of the signing domains without credentials.
/etc/postfix/main.cf make postfix use the filter:
milter_default_action = accept non_smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345 smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345
/etc/postfix/master.cf instead.
/usr/share/doc/opendkim/ directory and the manual pages opendkim(8) and opendkim.conf(5).
_dmarc and the action that should be taken when emails that contain your domain as the sending host fail to validate using DKIM and SPF.
#host -t TXT _dmarc.gmail.com_dmarc.gmail.com descriptive text "v=DMARC1; p=none; sp=quarantine; rua=mailto:[email protected]"#host -t TXT _dmarc.yahoo.com_dmarc.yahoo.com descriptive text "v=DMARC1; p=reject; pct=100; rua=mailto:[email protected]; ruf=mailto:[email protected];"
reject all emails pretending to be sent from a Yahoo account but missing or failing DKIM and SPF checks. Google Mail (Gmail) propagates a very relaxed policy, in which such messages from the main domain should still be accepted (p=none). For subdomains they should be marked as spam (sp=quarantine). The addresses given in the rua key can be used to send aggregated DMARC reports to. The full syntax is explained here:
postfix mail server can use this information too. The opendmarc package contains the necessary milter. Similar to opendkim SOCKET and RUNDIR must be chosen in /etc/default/opendmarc (for Unix sockets you must make sure that they are inside the postfix chroot to be found). The configuration file /etc/opendmarc.conf contains detailed comments and is also explained in opendmarc.conf(5). By default, emails failing the DMARC validation are not rejected but flagged, by adding an appropriate header field. To change this, use RejectFailures true.
smtpd_milters and non_smtpd_milters. If we configured the opendkim and opendmarc milters to run on ports 12345 and 54321, the entry in /etc/postfix/main.cf looks like this:
non_smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345,inet:localhost:54321 smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345,inet:localhost:54321
/etc/postfix/master.cf instead.
saslpasswd2 command, which takes several parameters. The -u option defines the authentication domain, which must match the smtpd_sasl_local_domain parameter in the Postfix configuration. The -c option allows creating a user, and -f allows specifying the file to use if the SASL database needs to be stored at a different location than the default (/etc/sasldb2).
#saslpasswd2 -u `postconf -h myhostname` -f /var/spool/postfix/etc/sasldb2 -c jean[... type jean's password twice ...]
/etc/sasldb2 into a symbolic link pointing at the database used by Postfix, with the ln -sf /var/spool/postfix/etc/sasldb2 /etc/sasldb2 command.
postfix user needs to be added to the sasl group, so that it can access the SASL account database. A few new parameters are also needed to enable SASL, and the smtpd_recipient_restrictions parameter needs to be configured to allow SASL-authenticated clients to send emails freely.
Пример 11.12. Enabling SASL in /etc/postfix/main.cf
# Enable SASL authentication
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
# Define the SASL authentication domain to use
smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname
[...]
# Adding permit_sasl_authenticated before reject_unauth_destination
# allows relaying mail sent by SASL-authenticated users
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_sasl_authenticated,
permit_mynetworks,
reject_unauth_destination,
[...]
/etc/postfix/master.cf file. To turn off authentication at all for port 25 (smtpd service) add the following directive:
smtp inet n - y - - smtpd
[..]
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=no
[..]
AUTH command (some very old mail clients do), interoperability with them can be enabled using the broken_sasl_auth_clients directive.